Why Transformer Rating Alone Is Not Enough and Why Voltage Drop Study Matters?

Why Transformer Rating Alone Is Not Enough and Why Voltage Drop Study Matters?

In electrical power system design, transformer rating is often considered the primary criterion for ensuring adequate power supply to connected loads. While transformer capacity defines the maximum load that can be handled without thermal damage, it does not guarantee...
Why Electrical Safety Hazards Should be Your New Year’s Resolution 2026?

Why Electrical Safety Hazards Should be Your New Year’s Resolution 2026?

Every New Year begins the same way, with resolutions. We promise ourselves to eat healthier, stay fit, save more, and work smarter. These resolutions are about control, improvement, and protecting what matters most to us. But in all this planning,...
When December Lights Up Why Earthing Safety Matters for Hidden Electrical Risks?

When December Lights Up Why Earthing Safety Matters for Hidden Electrical Risks?

The festive season is upon us, and with it comes the joy of decorating our homes and offices with beautiful lights and ornaments. It’s the month where energy feels limitless, and electricity use becomes limitless too. However, amidst the excitement, it is crucial to...
How to Choose the Best Earthing System for Home?

How to Choose the Best Earthing System for Home?

In today’s modern homes, where everything from your refrigerator to your Wi-Fi router depends on a stable power supply, ignoring proper earthing can compromise the entire safety infrastructure. Electrical systems are only as safe as their grounding. The best earthing...
Why Tall Buildings Need Lightning Protection Systems?

Why Tall Buildings Need Lightning Protection Systems?

In July 2025, a lightning strike hit One World Trade Center , lighting up the New York skyline and reminding us that even the tallest, most modern buildings are still at risk from nature’s power.While the strike didn’t cause major damage, it highlighted a critical...
Why Earthing for EV Charging Infrastructure is Essential for Safety and Reliability?

Why Earthing for EV Charging Infrastructure is Essential for Safety and Reliability?

The electric vehicle (EV) revolution is accelerating. Charging stations are popping up everywhere: public parking lots, highways, workplaces, and residential complexes. As more users demand fast charging, high power outputs, and convenient access, the infrastructure...
How the Earthing Process Protects Your Home’s Electrical System?

How the Earthing Process Protects Your Home’s Electrical System?

Whether you’re charging your phone, using kitchen appliances, or switching on the lights, your home’s electrical Safety depends on a crucial system working quietly in the background: the earthing process. Without effective earthing, simple electrical...
How AI is Making Electrical Power Systems Safer and Smarter?

How AI is Making Electrical Power Systems Safer and Smarter?

Electrical power systems are networks that generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to homes, businesses, and industries worldwide. Ensuring these systems are reliable, safe, and resilient is crucial to prevent outages, protect people and equipment, and maintain...
How Lightning Arrester for Home Prevents Damage?

How Lightning Arrester for Home Prevents Damage?

What if a single lightning strike could disrupt your entire home or school’s electrical system in seconds? Are you truly prepared to protect yourself and valuable equipment from sudden, devastating surges? With changing climate patterns and rising urban density, the...
The Science Behind Faster CEA Approval for 400kV+ for transmission lines projects

The Science Behind Faster CEA Approval for 400kV+ for transmission lines projects

India’s power grid is growing and evolving quickly. From solar parks in remote regions to substations in busy cities, the country’s energy infrastructure is reaching new areas and new heights. A big part of this progress involves setting up 400 kV+ and higher voltage...
Smart Earth Fault Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

Smart Earth Fault Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

Solar photovoltaic power plant are an increasingly popular source of renewable energy, providing clean and sustainable power to communities and industries around the world. However, ground faults can pose a major threat to the performance and safety of these systems....
How Airlines Improve Aircraft Power Systems to Prevent Electrical Hazards

How Airlines Improve Aircraft Power Systems to Prevent Electrical Hazards

Aircraft Power Systems are undergoing rapid development, from conventional generators and wiring harnesses to advanced electrical propulsion and IIoT based diagnostics. As aviation shifts towards electric and hybrid propulsion, ensuring electrical safety in aviation...
How Modern Power Systems Empower Smart Cities

How Modern Power Systems Empower Smart Cities

Empowering Smart Cities with Intelligent and Reliable Power Systems Smart Cities, technologically modern urban areas, include developing residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. Therefore, a well-built smart city needs a safe, reliable, and modern power systems...
The Role of Smart Electric Grid in Renewable Energy

The Role of Smart Electric Grid in Renewable Energy

As the global energy demand increases and the need for sustainable solutions in renewable energy becomes crucial, the innovative electrical grid concept has emerged as a revolutionary approach to modernize and optimize power delivery systems. The smart power grid...
Electromagnetic Compatibility Challenges in Rail Systems

Electromagnetic Compatibility Challenges in Rail Systems

At its core, Electromagnetic Compatibility refers to the ability of electronic and electrical systems to operate smoothly in their shared environment without causing interference or experiencing disruptions. In the world of rail transportation, where a variety of...
Best Earthing System for Home and Types of Earthing System

Best Earthing System for Home and Types of Earthing System

With the advent of technology, we have seen an enormous rise in the number of smart homes across the world. Smart homes are houses that are equipped with technology that allows homeowners to control and automate their homes remotely. This technology has brought...
How IoT and Predictive Maintenance Improve Electrical Safety for the Future

How IoT and Predictive Maintenance Improve Electrical Safety for the Future

Electrical safety is a critical aspect of modern life. With the widespread use of electricity in homes, businesses, and industries, it is essential to ensure that electrical systems and equipment are safe for use. Electrical hazards can result in serious injuries,...
Electrical Safety Tips for Shopping Malls

Electrical Safety Tips for Shopping Malls

Mastering Electrical Reliability in Shopping MallsA shopping mall is a complex system that requires a reliable and safe electrical infrastructure to ensure that all its systems and operations run smoothly. This includes individual stores, parking lots, and the power...
Evolution of Electrical Engineering Over the Last 10 Years

Evolution of Electrical Engineering Over the Last 10 Years

Electrical engineering, a field that has shaped our modern world, has witnessed a remarkable transformation in the past decade. This branch of engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. From the development of...
The Importance of Electrical Engineering in the Oil and Gas Sector

The Importance of Electrical Engineering in the Oil and Gas Sector

The Electrical engineering in oil and gas industry stands as one of the most critical sectors in the global economy, providing the energy that powers homes, businesses, and industries around the world. From exploration and drilling to refining and distribution, every...
Why Renewable Energy Solutions Are Key to the Future of Your Business

Why Renewable Energy Solutions Are Key to the Future of Your Business

Renewable energy Solutions refers to power generated from natural sources like sunlight, wind, and water, which are constantly replenished. For businesses, switching to renewable energy is becoming essential, as it helps reduce operating costs and meet sustainability...
How to Protect Your Business from Unexpected Electrical Breakdown

How to Protect Your Business from Unexpected Electrical Breakdown

Electrical Breakdown— the sudden loss of power creates a substantial challenge for businesses today. Whether arising from weather disturbances, power grid failures, or equipment breakdowns, these interruptions can lead to downtime, financial losses, and damage to...
Leading The Change Toward A Sustainable Future With Manav

Leading The Change Toward A Sustainable Future With Manav

At Manav, we drive progress with purpose, ensuring businesses don’t just adapt to the world’s shift toward cleaner energy—they lead it. As industries face mounting pressure to achieve sustainability, relying on traditional methods is no longer enough. The future...
The Role of Substations and Transmission Lines in Modern Power Systems

The Role of Substations and Transmission Lines in Modern Power Systems

A substation is a key component of an electrical power system that transforms and distributes electricity from power plants to end-users. Substations are typically located near cities or large industrial areas and can be found in both urban and rural areas. They are...
Enhancing Electrical Safety

Enhancing Electrical Safety

Introduction to Electrical SafetyElectrical safety refers to the precautions and strategies employed to prevent electrical hazards in workplaces, homes, and industrial settings. These hazards, if not mitigated, can result in serious injuries or accidents. Whether you...
Maintenance and Inspection of Cathodic Protection Systems

Maintenance and Inspection of Cathodic Protection Systems

Understanding Cathodic Protection Systems Cathodic Protection (CP) systems are a critical technology used across various industries to prevent corrosion in metal structures, such as pipelines, storage tanks, and offshore platforms. By applying an electrical current or...
Tips to Ensure electrical and electromagnetic safety in Industrial Labs

Tips to Ensure electrical and electromagnetic safety in Industrial Labs

Tips to Ensure electrical and electromagnetic safety in Industrial Labs Industrial labs are used to research different fields, including accident investigation, failure analysis & prevention, manufacturing, and material development in various market segments,...

Celebrating the Visionary Leadership of Savitha Banerjee

Today, we celebrate the birthday of our exceptional Managing Director, Savitha Banerjee. With a career spanning over three decades, Savitha’s journey is a testament to her dedication, expertise, and visionary leadership.Savitha began her career in 1991 as an...
Case Study: Evaluating Next-Gen HVDC Conductor Designs for Electromagnetic Suitability

Case Study: Evaluating Next-Gen HVDC Conductor Designs for Electromagnetic Suitability

High voltage direct current (HVDC) conductor designs play a pivotal role in the efficiency and reliability of power transmission infrastructure. The evaluation of these designs for electromagnetic suitability is a complex and critical task that demands precise...

Celebrating Sonjib Banerjee’s Vision and Impact at Manav

Celebrating Sonjib Banerjee’s Vision and Impact at Manav With over three decades of exemplary service in electrical engineering, Sonjib Banerjee, Chairman of Manav, is a paragon of innovation and dedication. His profound influence extends beyond his company,...
Power System Studies – Three Essential Steps – Measurement, Simulation, and Validation

Power System Studies – Three Essential Steps – Measurement, Simulation, and Validation

Introduction of Power System Studies In the complex domain of electrical systems, the power system studies play a major role. These studies guarantee the dependability, effectiveness, and safety of electrical infrastructure by acting as a compass through its...
Lightning Protection Strategies for Overhead Rail Electrification

Lightning Protection Strategies for Overhead Rail Electrification

Electric rail systems have become a foundation of modern transportation, offering efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and speed. Overhead rail electrification, with its crisscrossing web of power lines, has redefined the way we move people and goods, making it...
Enhancing Rail System Performance: A Parametric Analysis

Enhancing Rail System Performance: A Parametric Analysis

Introduction: Understanding the ThreatAs a natural phenomenon, it manifests as electrical discharges accompanied by intense light and sound. The implications of lightning extend beyond its spectacular display, especially in the context of rail systems. Historical...
Improving Electrical System Reliability

Improving Electrical System Reliability

Electrical System ReliabilityElectrical system reliability refers to the ability of an electrical infrastructure to consistently and efficiently deliver power without disruptions or failures. It encompasses the capacity of the system to function as intended, meeting...
Earthing for Transmission and Distribution Lines

Earthing for Transmission and Distribution Lines

Earthing, also known as grounding, is a fundamental concept in electrical systems that involves establishing a direct connection between an electrical device or system and the earth’s conductive surface. This connection serves as a safety measure, as it ensures...
Advantages And Disadvantages of Earthing Systems In The Mining Industry

Advantages And Disadvantages of Earthing Systems In The Mining Industry

Earthing systems play a crucial role in the mining industry, ensuring the safety of personnel, protecting equipment, and minimizing electrical hazards. In mining operations, where electrical equipment is used extensively, the risk of electrical faults and accidents is...
Difference Between Lightning Protection and Lightning Management

Difference Between Lightning Protection and Lightning Management

Lightning is a powerful and natural phenomenon that can pose significant risks to people, structures, and equipment. Its sudden and unpredictable nature makes it a potential threat in various settings, ranging from residential homes to large industrial complexes....
How to Stop EM Interference

How to Stop EM Interference

Definition of EM Interference (EMI) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) refers to the disturbance caused by electromagnetic signals that interfere with the proper functioning of electronic devices, systems, or communication channels. These unwanted electromagnetic...
Why is Earthing System Important

Why is Earthing System Important

An earthing system, also known as a grounding system, is a network of conductive components designed to provide a safe path for electrical current to flow into the ground. It is an essential part of electrical installations and is implemented to ensure electrical...
3-dimensional PV Module – Pixolar

3-dimensional PV Module – Pixolar

The 3-dimensional PV module – Pixolar TM  produces an average of 1.6 times electrical power in a surface compared to that produced by conventional solar panels. This innovation has the potential to make solar energy a more viable and sustainable alternative to...
Earthing Systems Maintenance: Best Practices for Long-Term Reliability

Earthing Systems Maintenance: Best Practices for Long-Term Reliability

Ensuring Electrical Safety and Reliability Through Proper Earthing System MaintenanceEarthing systems are an essential component of electrical installations, designed to protect people and equipment from electric shock and to ensure reliable and safe operation. An...
Importance of Lightning Protection System

Importance of Lightning Protection System

Importance of Lightning Protection System Lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs during thunderstorms, and it can pose a serious threat to people, buildings, and other structures. Lightning strikes can cause fires, explosions, and electrical surges that can...
Are Earthing and Bonding Similar?

Are Earthing and Bonding Similar?

Earthing and bonding are two important concepts in electrical safety. Earthing, also known as grounding, connects a conductive material to the earth to provide a safe path for fault current in the event of a fault or surge. This helps to protect people and equipment...
Importance of Earthing in Petrochemical Facilities

Importance of Earthing in Petrochemical Facilities

Importance of Earthing in Petrochemical Facilities Petrochemical facilities, such as refineries and chemical plants, use large amounts of electricity to power their operations. Without proper earthing, electrical faults and surges can occur, potentially causing injury...
7 Essential Electrical Safety Tips for Individual Houses

7 Essential Electrical Safety Tips for Individual Houses

Electrical Safety Tips for Homes Individual houses are a common housing option for families around the world. They offer a sense of privacy, space, and independence that other housing options like apartments may not provide. However, like all buildings, individual...
Earthing Audit Necessary for Electrical Systems

Earthing Audit Necessary for Electrical Systems

Electrical earthing is a crucial aspect of any electrical installation or system. It involves connecting the electrical equipment or system to the ground via a conductor. The purpose of earthing is to protect the equipment and the people from electrical hazards such...
Understanding the Importance of Earthing System in Electrical Installations

Understanding the Importance of Earthing System in Electrical Installations

Electrical installation involves the installation, repair, and maintenance of electrical systems, components, and equipment in buildings, industries, and other facilities. Some of the components of electrical installation include electrical wiring, electrical panels,...
Electrical Safety Tips For Technology Parks

Electrical Safety Tips For Technology Parks

Technology parks — also known as science parks or IT parks — serve as ecosystems for innovation, offering infrastructure and space to startups, research institutions, and established enterprises. These parks depend on uninterrupted power to keep servers, communication...
Electrical Safety Tips For Apartments

Electrical Safety Tips For Apartments

Aartments are more popular than houses these days because of the security, and significant impact on your lifestyle. Apartments use various electrical systems such as lifts, common area lighting, water pumps, inverters, DG sets, and STP plants. The individuals living...
Electrical Short Circuit – Causes and Prevention

Electrical Short Circuit – Causes and Prevention

Short circuits are one of the most dangerous electrical faults that can occur in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. These incidents happen when electricity takes an unintended path with little to no resistance, leading to excessive current flow that can...
Tips to Ensure electrical and electromagnetic safety in Industrial Labs

5 Essential Electrical Safety Tips for Industrial Laboratories

Tips to Ensure Electrical Safety in Industrial Labs Industrial labs are used to research different fields, including accident investigation, failure analysis & prevention, manufacturing, and material development in various market segments, including automotive,...
Electrical Safety in Hospitals with 5 Essential Tips

Electrical Safety in Hospitals with 5 Essential Tips

Tips to Ensure Safety in Hospitals Last year we saw many incidents and accidents in hospitals due to unsafe electrical networks. In November 2021, a hospital in Ahmednagar lost 11 lives in the intensive care unit (ICU) who were recovering from COVID–19. A district...
Driving Carbon Neutral Innovation with Manav

Driving Carbon Neutral Innovation with Manav

As India is following a steep economic growth trajectory, it is essential to plan for optimal energy use and reduce negative environmental impact. Many sectors in the country consume different quantities and forms of energy leading to emissions of various air...
Harmonics Study for Solar Plant

Harmonics Study for Solar Plant

Integrating renewable energy (RE) sources into electrical networks presents unique challenges due to the variability and intermittency of these sources. In addition to the general considerations, the integration of renewable energy sources also requires special...
Role of Earthing in Data Centers

Role of Earthing in Data Centers

A data center is a centralized facility used by organizations to store, manage, and distribute their data and digital assets. It is a critical component of modern IT infrastructure, serving as a hub for businesses to manage their network computing and...
Earthing Needed for Railway Systems

Earthing Needed for Railway Systems

Earthing in Railway Systems is a critical safety measure that protects electrical infrastructure and personnel from faults and hazards. It involves connecting electrical equipment and conductors to the ground to prevent hazards such as electric shocks and fires. In...
Earthing Study for the Switchyard : Understanding its Importance

Earthing Study for the Switchyard : Understanding its Importance

Earthing is an essential aspect of electrical systems, exceptionally in high voltage switchyards. It is a critical component that ensures the safety of electrical systems and personnel. A switchyard is a large electrical substation that serves as a hub for the...
Repetitive VT Failure – Root Cause Analysis

Repetitive VT Failure – Root Cause Analysis

Repetitive VT Failure – Root Cause Analysis T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn Uninterrupted electricity supply is key to continuous industrial operations to avoid...
Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR) Study for Switchyard

Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR) Study for Switchyard

Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR) Study for Switchyard T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn Transient ground potential rise is a rapid rise in ground potential while...
Electromagnetic Transient Study of Solar Plant

Electromagnetic Transient Study of Solar Plant

Electromagnetic Transient Study of Solar Plant T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn Power system transients caused by switching or lightning surge to electric facilities...
Insulation Coordination Study Using Simulative Platform

Insulation Coordination Study Using Simulative Platform

Insulation Coordination Study Using Simulation Platforms Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn With the expansion of power networks in today’s world, electrical systems are exposed to many transient overvoltage...
World’s First Remote Fault-time Earth Monitoring System

World’s First Remote Fault-time Earth Monitoring System

Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn World’s first Remote Fault-time Earth Resistance Monitoring (R-FERM®) SystemKey HighlightsProduct Patented – Patent No. 381603First successful product commissioning at Bharat Petroleum...
Importance of Bonding Adequacy Study

Importance of Bonding Adequacy Study

Importance of Bonding Adequacy Study T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn Problem Statement 220kV double circuit transmission line feeds a 220/132kV Grid Substation (GSS)....
Importance of Transient Studies in Large Electrical Systems

Importance of Transient Studies in Large Electrical Systems

Importance of Transient Studies in Large Electrical Systems T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn District Cooling PlantA District Cooling Plant (DCP) consists of a...
Insulation Co-ordination Study For Selection & Placement Of Surge Arresters

Insulation Co-ordination Study For Selection & Placement Of Surge Arresters

Insulation Co-ordination Study For Selection & Placement Of Surge Arrestors T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn AIM OF STUDYA new 220/132 kV GSS air insulated...
Importance of Transient Study in Transmission Lines

Importance of Transient Study in Transmission Lines

Importance of Transient Study in Transmission Lines T . E . C . T Tackling Electrical Concerns of Today Written By : Mr. Sonjib BanerjeeEdited By : Dr. Diksha RohraFacebook | LinkedIn Problem StatementA coal-fired thermal power plant was connected to a national ring...
Importance of Protection Coordination in Power System for Safety and Reliability

Importance of Protection Coordination in Power System for Safety and Reliability

Importance of Protection Coordination in Power Systems for Safety and Reliability. A safe and reliable power system network can be achieved through steady state and transient analysis. The healthiness of the network during the operational condition, contingency...
Electrical Safety and Reliability in Pharmaceutical Industry

Electrical Safety and Reliability in Pharmaceutical Industry

Leading pharmaceutical firms have the challenging goal of maintaining the highest production, innovation, and development levels while safeguarding the health and safety of their workforce, coworkers, and communities. The pharmaceutical industry is highly...
Ensuring Reliable Access to Energy – Role of Root Cause Analysis

Ensuring Reliable Access to Energy – Role of Root Cause Analysis

Ensuring Reliable Access to Energy – Role of Root Cause AnalysisFor a country to thrive, it is required to have reliable Infrastructure. In the new normal where the pandemic has become an everyday reality that we need to face, the reliability of infrastructure has...
Root Cause Analysis for Cable Function Recovery: Leads to Revenue Growth in Millions

Root Cause Analysis for Cable Function Recovery: Leads to Revenue Growth in Millions

Root Cause Analysis for Cable Function Recovery Problem StatementAn electrical power distribution company laid an underground cable to transfer 40MW power from substation to a load centre which was few kilometres away. After charging the cable, the cable performed as...
Overdesign in Electrical Installations

Overdesign in Electrical Installations

Overdesign in Electrical Installations When it comes to designing electrical installations, overdesign can be a serious problem that leads to increased costs, wasted resources, and reduced efficiency. In this blog post, we’ll define what overdesign means and why it...
Importance of Earth Grid Design

Importance of Earth Grid Design

Explanation of the Earth Grid Design and its Purpose The Earth grid system is a network of conductors, electrodes, and soil designed to provide a low-impedance path to the earth for electrical currents. Its purpose is to protect humans, equipment, and infrastructure...
Importance of Lightning Protection System Design – Case Study

Importance of Lightning Protection System Design – Case Study

Importance of Lightning Protection System Design – Case StudyWhen lightning strikes a structure with an inappropriate lightning protection system, it can cause damage to the structure, its occupants, and assets. These damages and failures can extend beyond the...
Role of Lightning Arrester for Electrical Safety

Role of Lightning Arrester for Electrical Safety

Lightning Arresters, or surge arresters, are a device that is installed to protect homes, structures, and power lines from dangerous surges of power.   Lightning Arresters are typically installed near critical appliances or points of entry, such as an electrical...
Why is an Earthing System Important?

Why is an Earthing System Important?

What is Earthing or Grounding?Earthing or Grounding your electrical systems is critical to protect your infrastructure, equipment, and people from the danger of high voltage and achieve safety from fatal electrical surges. These objectives can be achieved through a...
Modern Lightning Protection Systems and Components

Modern Lightning Protection Systems and Components

Lightning Protection SystemsLightning discharges result in high voltage surges that can flow into sensitive electronic instruments and communication systems, resulting in electrical equipment failure and causing incidents & fatal accidents. The Lightning...
End-to-End Electrical Reliability Solution

End-to-End Electrical Reliability Solution

Having Problems in Existing installed System? Get our complete solutions for uninterrupted electrical operations.EM Management The EMC study enables us to understand the generation, propagation, and reception of electromagnetic energy, which may cause unwanted effects...
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY SOLUTION

ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY SOLUTION

Electrical Safety and Reliability Solutions play an essential role in today’s technological environment. With evolving technologies, asset management & risk mitigation for electrical and electronic systems in various environments is becoming more complex. These...
Lightning Protection System for Burj Khalifa – Dubai

Lightning Protection System for Burj Khalifa – Dubai

Lightning Protection Systems for High-Rise Structures: Importance and Best Practices Tall buildings have become a trait of modern architecture, and their construction has increased significantly in recent decades. However, with height comes increased risk, and one of...
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